Rabies in a postpandemic world: resilient reservoirs, redoubtable riposte, recurrent roadblocks, and resolute recidivism Rupprecht, C.E., Mshelbwala, P.P., Reeves, R.G., Kuzmin, I.V. 2023 Animal Diseases, 3(1), art. no. 15.
Rabies
1021
Total Reported Outbreaks
111
Total Affected
Countries
11
Total Affected
Species
Avian influenza is a notifiable viral disease that significantly impacts poultry health and welfare, farmer livelihoods, and trade. Biosecurity and management pose a huge challenge due to the wild bird reservoir and in cases of epidemics.
SHARE
Avian Influenza (AI)
This disease is prevalent in many parts of the world. Find out where the latest reported outbreaks are with this map.
KEY FACTS
Disease Classification
Avian influenza is caused by a virus belonging to the Type A influenza virus. There are many strains of avian influenza and these are grouped into low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). LPAI strains may circulate naturally in many wild bird populations, however the virus is capable of mutating into forms that are highly pathogenic. In addition, some avian influenza viruses may infect people and in recent years there has been concern about the potential for a new pandemic in the human population, e.g. HPAI H5N1.
Transmission
The avian influenza virus may spread from infected birds by direct contact, and faeces, feed and water all being potential means for the virus to spread. Wild birds may be a source for commercial poultry of highly pathogenic forms of the virus. Whilst the spread of avian influenza to people is considered rare, this can happen through direct contact with poultry, contact with contaminated surfaces, or inhalation/ingestion of virus.
Vaccine
Vaccines against avian influenza are available for poultry, including chickens, turkeys and ducks. These may be used in the face of an outbreak or routinely in endemic areas. Consideration must be given to the possible impact of control measures on trade.
Clinical Signs
As there are different types of the avian influenza virus, so the clinical presentation of the disease may vary. LPAI is associated with few or no clinical signs whereas HPAI is highly contagious and can cause severe clinical signs and high mortality. Clinical signs in poultry may range from mild respiratory signs, reduced egg production and immunosuppression with LPAI, to severe respiratory signs, sudden drop in egg production and up to 100% mortality with HPAI. Other signs may be seen.
EFFECTIVE BIOSECURITY MEASURES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR POULTRY FARMS AND OWNERS OF DOMESTIC BIRDS
THE DISEASE CAN PRESENT IN DIFFERENT WAYS BUT REDUCED EGG PRODUCTION IS SEEN IN BOTH LPAI AND HPAI
HPAI IS HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS AND CAUSES SEVERE CLINICAL SIGNS AND HIGH MORTALITY
Treatment
Treatment is not an option given the rapid spread and high mortality of HPAI. Preventive measures must be taken to reduce the impact of this disease.
Management
The World Health Organization (WHO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) work together on international coordination of the control of avian influenza. This includes science-based international guidelines and recommendations, as well as monitoring via the network of reference laboratories. Effective surveillance, including wild birds, is important to increase early disease detection. As with many other diseases, prevention is important, and effective biosecurity measures are essential for poultry farms and owners of domestic birds. These focus on keeping the virus out of contact with poultry, and includes good cleaning and disinfection, barriers to prevent contact with wild birds, and controlling the access of people to poultry buildings. In the event of HPAI outbreaks stamping out is a standard tool to eradicate the virus in many areas, whilst vaccination may also be an option.
FOCUS ON…
Focus On… Avian Influenza – a unique challenge
Influenza viruses occur naturally in many wild birds and, periodically, some of these ‘spill over’ into poultry, pigs, and humans. The winter of 2016/17 has seen widespread occurrence of a…
Latest Articles and Events
All
- GFRA 2023 Scientific Meeting in Kampala, Uganda
The 2023 Scientific Meeting of the Global Foot and Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA) will take place from 8th – 10th November in Kampala, Uganda! - 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress
06 Mar 2023 to 10 Mar 2023. Organized by the the Spanish Association for Sheep and Goat Production (SEOC). the 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ISVC) will take place in 2023… - Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” from Pasteur Network
08 Nov 2022 to 07 Nov 2023. Pasteur Network MOOC Rabies is now OPEN! The Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” held by Pasteur Network to explain the… - EuFMD Open Session OS22 in Marseille, France
26 Oct 2022 to 28 Oct 2022/ “Digitalization and innovation applied to the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth and and similar transboundary animal diseases (FAST) – Open Session…
Articles
- Innovating at EuFMD OS22 – Back Together to Combat FMD and Similar Transboundary Animal Diseases
After so long since the last in-person event, it was wonderful to be able to attend the 2022 edition of the EUFMD (European commission for the control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease) Open Session (OS22). - Biosecurity Lessons from ‘Navigating Avian Influenza: from Prevention to Recovery’ Webinar
High pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has affected more than 45 million birds and over 500 flocks this year in the United States alone. And unlike the 2015 HPAI Outbreak, cases this year have continued throughout the summer… - Through the Lens of a Hero – Understanding Essentials of Rabies Elimination
A lot of hard work goes into combatting rabies, but what is needed to achieve its elimination? Today on One Health Day, we dive into the reality of tackling this disease, seen through the eyes of Rabies Heroes in distant corners of the world…. India, Peru, Tanzania.. - Times up for rabies! Join the #Rabies360Challenge this September!
Do you want to help save human and animal lives? Join the #Rabies360Challenge this September to raise awareness of rabies elimination. The purpose of the challenge is to instill a change that will make a difference in the Global South, where people…
Events
- GFRA 2023 Scientific Meeting in Kampala, UgandaThe 2023 Scientific Meeting of the Global Foot and Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA) will take place from 8th – 10th November in Kampala, Uganda!
- 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress06 Mar 2023 to 10 Mar 2023. Organized by the the Spanish Association for Sheep and Goat Production (SEOC). the 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ISVC) will take place in 2023…
- Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” from Pasteur Network08 Nov 2022 to 07 Nov 2023. Pasteur Network MOOC Rabies is now OPEN! The Massive Open Online Course “MOOC Rabies” held by Pasteur Network to explain the…
- EuFMD Open Session OS22 in Marseille, France26 Oct 2022 to 28 Oct 2022/ “Digitalization and innovation applied to the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth and and similar transboundary animal diseases (FAST) – Open Session…
Knowledge Hub
Innovating at EuFMD OS22
After so long since the last in-person event, it was wonderful to be able to…
Guide – Australia’s DAFF and CSIRO…
A field guide for veterinarians providing information on emergenc
International Symposium of..
My name is Rachel Herschman and I have been an intern on the..
Website – IVVN – International..
The IVVN is an international community of over 1,600 members working togeth…
Boosting disease control with…
Disease control is about a lot more than simply the right vaccine. Building…
Focus On… African Swine Fever (ASF)…
African swine fever (ASF) is present in more than 50 countries on five continent…
Exploring New Frontiers in Anim...
I’m a final year DPhil student studying at The Pirbright Institute and the..
Website – IVVN – International..
Latest Scientific Papers
Comparison of vaccination schedules for foot-and-mouth disease among cattle and sheep in Mongolia Ulziibat, G., Raizman, E., Lkhagvasuren, A., (…), Ludi, A.B., Lyons, N.A. 2023 Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, art. no. 990043.
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Surveillance of avian influenza viruses from 2014 to 2018 in South Korea Españo, E., Shim, S.-M., Song, E.-J., (…), Kim, S.-H., Kim, J.-K. 2023 Scientific Reports, 13(1), art. no. 8410.
Avian Influenza (AI)
No items to show.
Loading…
Risk factors associated with rabies incidence in rabies endemic areas in West Kalimantan Saepudin, M., Pranaka, R.N., Umboh, H.H., Wardoyo, S. 2022 GERMS, 12(4), pp. 472-477.
Rabies
Antibody prevalence to avian influenza virus subtypes H5, H7 and H9 in falcons, captive and wild birds, United Arab Emirates, 2003–2006 Jöstl, N., Weidinger, P., Lussy, H., (…), Li, X., Nowotny, N. 2023 Veterinary Medicine and Science.
Avian Influenza (AI)
Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on dog ownership and rabies vaccination in Metropolitan Lima Corrales, M.-G., León, D., Falcón, N. 2023 Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru, 34(2), art. no. e25103.
Rabies
No items to show.
Loading…
Subscribe to our free newsletter and stay up to date with all news and events.